References

• [01] Note: South Manitou Island's most seccessful farms were those of George Johann Hutzler, George Conrad Hutzler, Theodore Beck and August Beck.
• [02] Vent, Myron. South Manitou Island: From Pioneer Community to National Park. 1973. New York: Center for Cultural Resources, 1988. 105p. Print.
• [03] Hamburg Passenger List & Ships Registry - Hamburg Bark Sir Isaac Newton
• [04] New York Passenger Arrival Record - Sir Isaac Newton, January 12, 1853
• [05] New York Passenger Arrival Record - Georg Duckwitz, August 16, 1845
• [06] 1850 U.S. Census, Buffalo, New York, 4th Ward, pg 76.
• Note: Here again, the legibility of the record suggests that it was probably a final transcription of information collected in the field. Conrad Hutzler’s age should have been 27, it seems quite possible that the transcriber assumed that was probably incorrect, since that would have made him nine years younger than his wife, so changed it to 37. (Conrad Hutzler’s death record (1896) gives his date of birth as July of 1821.)
• [07] 1860 U.S. Census, Buffalo, New York, 7th Ward, pg 25
• [08] The City of Buffalo - 1840 to 1850. Buffalonet - (Buffalo and Western New York’s Internet Historical Resource) with historic images “Bird’s Eye View of the City of Buffalo, NY” (C 1863) on display at the (Buffalo & Erie County Historical Society Museum)
• [09] History of the Germans in Buffalo und Erie County, Buffalo, N.Y., Reinecke & Zesch, [©1897]
• [10] New Steamer, The Buffalo Daily Courier, Saturday, May 8, 1852
• [11] Comment on steamer Iowa conversion, the Monthly Nautical Magazine and Quarterly Review, Spt 1855, pgs 518-519
• [12] Notes on Iowa breakdowns; from the Buffalo Daily Republic, May 31, 1856 and the Buffalo Daily Courier, June 2, 1856
• [13] Estimated arrival of the Johann Hutzler family at South Manitou Island
• Note: In the 1900 census George Isaac Hutzler reported his birth date as January 1854. However, the ages reported for him in the previous two enumerations suggest that he was born sometime between June of 1854 and August of 1855. At the time of his death, February 17, 1909, he was reportedly 54 years old, which would suggest a birth on that date between 1854 and 1855. It is therefore assume that his correct birth date was probably January of 1855. In the 1900 census Katharine reported her birth date as March 1861, which nominally agrees with other documents giving her age. Thus it appears that the Hutzlers arrived some time between the beginning of the shipping season in 1855, and the end of the shipping season in 1860. Since their seventeen-year old daughter Margaret was found employed as a servant in Buffalo in August of 1860, it seems doubtful that they would have left much before that time.
• [14] Iowa-Gerrit Smith Collision, the Detroit Free Press, July 27, 1860
• [15] Iowa-Huron Collision, the Buffalo Daily Republic, August 11, 1860
• [16] Great Lakes Maritime Database - Iowa
• [17] Land patent for “Conrad Husler,” awarded February 10, 1874. Original filing date was April 20, 1868.
• [18] Note: There is thus far no evidence that Conrad Hutzler and Magdalena Forstner were ever legally married.
• [19] The German-Americans, An Ethnic Experience; Willi Paul Adams; Max Kade German-American Center (Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis), December 1993, Chapter Four: Inequality: Incomes, Occupations, Social Structure.
• [20] Preemption Act of 1841
• [21] Homestead Act of 1862
• [22] Land Patents of George Johann Hutzler
• Note: George Johann Hutzler held three land patents: one for 160-acres issued in 1869, and two for 80-acres, issued in 1864 and 1865 respectively. The filing date for his 160-acre homestead claim was January 9, 1863. The two 80-acre parcels were acquired as “cash-sale entries” on November 1, 1864 and July 10, 1865, probably purchased at the government's specified minimum price of $1.25 per acre ($100 for each parcel.) These cash purchases, doubling the size of the Hutzler farm, suggest that Johann's operation had quickly become quite successful.
• [23] 1870 U.S. Census, Manitou County, Michigan, South Manitou Island, pg 2.
• [24] Ibid. 16
• [25] History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, title page and pg 583
• Note: The Schenk name appears with various spellings, including “Schenck” and “Shank” - the version most frequently used in island records and literature. “Mary Ann” Schenk was the former Marianna Josephina Ziegler, born November 4, 1835 in Westfalen, Prussia. She and Christian Schenk were married in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on October 26, 1854, which was apparently also the birthplace of their two children, Mary Ann and Roland, and their place of residence at the time of Christian’s death. During her adult years, she used various other names, including “Mary Ann,” “Mary A.,” and “Christina.”
• [26] Assorted Records re MaryAnn & Christian Schenk - Birth record, marriage record, military records, and pension record. See also the Joseph A. Orbeck Jr collection of documents archived online at www.manitouislandsarchives.org
• [27] 1870 and 1880 U. S. Census, Manitou County, Michigan, South Manitou Island, pgs 1
• Note: The origin of Catherine is uncertain. She appears to have been born in New York State sometime between June of 1865 and August of 1866. Since Christian Schenk, Mary Ann Schenk’s first husband died in March of 1865, it is possible that Catharine was his biological daughter. On the other hand, the 1880 U.S. Census identifies her as “Catharine Hutcler,” whereas her brother, or half-brother, is identified as “Rollin Shank,”" suggesting that Catharine was one of Conrad Hutzler’s biological children, rather than another daughter of Christian Schenk. However, Catharine is not mentioned as an heir in the August 5, 1896 proceedings regarding the distribution of Conrad Hutzler’s estate. That suggests that either she had died before that time (her name does not appear on the 1871-1898 index of Manitou County Deaths,) else she was not one of Conrad Hutzler’s biological children.
• [28] Birth Record - Catherine Hoeft
• [29] 1870 U.S. Census, Centerville Township, Leelanau County, Michigan, pg 11
• [30] Marriage Records - Katie & Anna Hoeft
• Note: Katie eventually married Joseph Tilton of Chicago, which resulted in her bringing Bertha Peth to South Manitou Island as a nanny for her children while visiting her Hutzler relatives there. Her sister Anna married Thomas Richard Kitchen, a lightkeeper on South Manitou Island, who died just four months after the wedding.
• [31] Death record - Elizabeth Hutzler Hoeft
• Note: The Hoeft family name frequently appears with variations “Heoft,”, “Hoft” and “Haft.”" Elizabeth appears twice in the 1870 U.S. Census; listed with her family in Centerville Township (probably on a farm near Good Harbor) and as an “insane” inmate at the State Hospital in Kalamazoo. Her death was recorded at the Asylum two years later.
• [32] Death record - George John Hoeft
• [33] Birth record - Margaretha “Maggie” Hutzler
• [34] 1860 U.S. Census, Buffalo, NY, 9thWard, pg 114
• [35] Marriage record - Maggie Hutzler & George Aylsworth
• [36] Headstone images - George & Margaret Aylsworth
• [37] Ibid. 2
• “During the summer of 1854, while they were still in Buffalo, most of the Hutzlers came down with cholera. Margaretha, who was again expecting, feared for the life of her unborn child and fought the disease valiantly. So did her husband. Having been taken to a hospital, such as they were in those days, George Hutzler lay in bed only half conscious. At one point he heard the attendants say that he would probably be taken away the next day, just as they were doing to the man who died in the bed next to him. It was at this moment, so George later maintained, that he made up his mind to fight the disease with all his strength. He would not leave his family along in a new and strange world without the protection only he could give. And somehow the crisis passed. He was exhausted but alive. Little by little his strength returned and he was able to rejoin his family. But once more he lost a son. Young Georg with the laughing eyes and merry voice was gone.”
• [38] Birth record - Anna Hutzler
• [39] Marriage Record - Anna Hutzler & Friedrich Guckenmus
• [40] 1900-1930 U.S.Census - Chicago,IL - Anna & Fred Guckenmus
• [41] Death records - Anna & Fred Guckenmus
• [42] Maria Hutzler, 1857 - 1859
• Note: According to family genealogies, Maria (Mary) Hutzler was born in 1857 and only lived two years. Exact dates of her birth and death are not given, nor is the cause of death. Some list the place of her birth and death as South Manitou Island (see - Linda Ann (Hopkins) Wolf). She is not mentioned in Myron Vent's monograph about the Johann Hutzler family.
• [43] Marriage Record - Leonard J Rohr & Katherine Hutzler
• [44] Birth and Marriage records - Elizabeth Rohr
• [45] Death records & headstone - Leonard Rohr & Katharine Hutzler Rohr
• [46] Personal History Summary Sheets - Leonard, Katharine & ElizabethRohr
• [47] Birth and christening record - Bertha Peth
• [48] Birth Record - Stanley L. Hutzler
• [49] Death record and certificate - Stanley Hutzler
• Note: As plainly indicated on Stanley Hutzler’s death certificate, the ultimate cause of the boy’s death was “hemorrhaging of the bowels,” a common complication of infantile leukemia (re: Radiological Imaging in Hematological Malignancies, A. Guermazi ... [et al.] ISBN 3-540-43999-4, pg 359). Swollen glands, darkish blotches on the skin’s surface and easy bruising are other symptoms of the condition’s advanced stages, which may have given rise to the legend that has been perpetuated over the years, that “... while Bertha was entertaining her friends in the kitchen of the farmhouse, Stanley climbed over the fence where the cattle were pastured and was trampled on by a bull.” (Myron H. Vent - pg 71.) In refuting assertions to the contrary, William E. “Bud” Vent (Myron Vent’s older brother) claimed in a letter to the South Manitou Memorial Society newsletter the “The death certificate, which mentions ‘Leucemia’ as a cause of death, also states that hemorrhage was the ‘contributing and consecutive cause.’ ” That statement plainly reflects a lack of knowledge about infantile leukemia, and was a misinterpretation of the document, prompted no doubt, by his desire to support the rather cruel conjecture that had been traditionally passed on by family members. Had her son actually have died of injuries resulting from her own negligence, it seems unlikely that his mother would have never been able to admit that to anyone over the many years she continued to live, that any reputable physician would have obfuscated that fact when signing the boy’s official death certificate, or that the others who were presumably a party to her negligence would have never eventually come forward to corroborate the Hutzler’s assertions. The legend apparently sprang from mere gossip, which eventually became even more vicious with the suggestion that it was not other women whom Bertha had been entertaining, but a visiting island sailor.
• [50] Personal History Summary Sheets - John, Bertha & Stanley Hutzler
• [51] See the Lake Michigan section of the “Seeing the Light” website for assignments, promotions and service dates.
• [52] Marriage Record - Louis Hutzler and Jesse Belle Haas
• [53] 1910, 1920 & 1920 Census records for Green Bay, Wisconsin
• [54] Burial records for Louis & Jessie Hutzler
• [55] Birth Certificate - William Vent
• Note: William P. Vent was the ninth child of Mary Mccarty and William Vent, a sailor. He was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 24, 1881.
• [56] Marriage record, license & certificate - William Vent & Louisa Hutzler
• [57] Is the Empire Schoolhouse a Goldmine or a Pandora’s Box?, Thomas Benn, Glen Arbor Sun, July 3, 2003
• “Graduates who live in the area have fond memories of their favorite teachers. For Alice Coppens (class of 1940), it was Myron H. Vent, who arrived in 1938 fresh out of the University of Chicago and intent upon a cultural renaissance. ‘He wore a different suit every day, brought a briefcase to school, and gave a course in manners,’ she remembers. ‘He organized a glee club, taught us ballroom dancing, and had us writing poetry.’ ... Myron Vent stayed two years, then left for another job.”
• [58] Death Record & Obituary - Myron H Vent
• [59] 1880 U.S. Census, Chicago, Illinois, pg 35
• [60] 1880-1910 Census Listings, Buffalo, NY - Mary Roth & Conrad Hutzler Jr
• [61] City Directory Records, 1867 - 1924; Conrad Hutzler Jr.
• [62] New York Census of Inmates in Almshouses and Poorhouses, 1875-1921
• [63] Land Patent - Rolland Shank, February 11, 1935
• [64] Death Certificate & Grave Marker - Rolland Shank, October 19, 1915
• “When I got home from school, I picked potatoes until dark, then they would be hauled to the pit after dark for storage. On one of these trips from the field to the pit with a load of potatoes, Albany was driving the horse, and I was on the back of the wagon. Rual Shank had been helping that day, and as he went to pick up his coat and lunch pail, he fell and didn't get up. I told Albany, and he turned the team around and went back. Rual was lying on the ground near his coat. Albany and I put him on the wagon, took him to the house, and put him on the couch. His half-brother, George Hutzler, was called, and he was given some brandy and died about 2:00 the next morning. He had no other relatives, so a coffin was ordered from Traverse City and his body was put in the cemetery without a marker. He lived to the west of the island in the woods behind his brother in a one-room shack and did odd jobs wherever he could.” (Charles M. Anderson in Isle of View, A History of South Manitou Island, self-published, 1979, pg 61.)
• [65] Birth Record - Frank Krause
• Note: This document indicates that there was a ten year age difference between husband and wife and that Julius originally came from the Berlin, Germany area. Since the 1870 U.S. Census for Kalamazoo indicates that he was, at 21-years of age, working as a hired hand on the Henry Sterns farm, it is assumed that he was doing the same in Garfield Township, and that he and Mary Ann Schenk had probably been married in Traverse City, which borders the township's east side.
• [66] U.S. Census records - 1870, 1900 & 1920 for Kalamazoo, Michigan
• Note: These documents provide evidence for the immigration date of Julius Kraus, his early occupation of as a farm laborer, the birth dates of Julius Krause and Mary Ann Schenk, and their approximate marriage place and date.
• [67] Death Records - Julius & Mary Ann (Schenk) Krause
• [68] Krause Family Headstones as Riverside Cemetery, Kalamazoo, Michigan
• [69] Henry Haas - Maggie Hutzler Marriage noted, January 1, 1886, Grand Traverse Herald
• [70] 1900 U.S. Census - South Manitou Island, Michigan
• [71] See the biographical article on Harrison Haas in the Spring 2010 ManitouIslandArchives.Org Newsletter
• [72] Personal History Summary Sheets & Headstones - Maggie & Henry Haas
• [73] WW-I Draft Registration Card - George C Hutzler
• [74] Marriage Record - George C Hutzler & Josie Beck
• [75] Birth Record - Lewis C Hutzler
• [76] Death Certificate, Record & Headstone - Josie Hutzler
• [77] Marriage Record - Lewis Hutzler & Lola Longenberger
• [78] The Quarterly Bulletin, Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Station, Vol 3, No 2, November 1920.
• [79] “Marooned - Rosen Rye Is Michigan”, The News, Fredericksburg, Iowa. A syndicated Men of Earth feature article by Russel Lord, NWC News Service - c1935
• [79] “Marooned”, American Farmers and the Rise of Agribusiness, Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1931
• [80] Index of Deaths 1871 - 1893 Manitou County, Michigan, Source: Manitou County Clerk (Transcript - Originals on microfilm in Charlevoix County Courthouse, Charlevoix, Michigan
• [81] Death records & headstone - George Johann Hutzler
• Note: The records of Manitou County Deaths and transcripts thereof variously list George Johann Hutzler’s place of death as North Manitou Island and January 24, 1890, age 74 and 6 months. However, the New York Ship Arrival Record for the Hutzler family and subsequent census data consistently indicate that his actual date of birth was 1814, which agrees with the date of death engraved on his headstone and Myron Hutzler Vent’s assertion in his monograph South Manitou Island that he died in 1888.
• [82] Death Certificate - Margaretha Hutzler
• [83] Distribution of the Estate of Conrad Hutzler
• [84] Headstone - Conrad Hutzler